"collections.abc" --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers
**********************************************************

Added in version 3.3: Formerly, this module was part of the
"collections" module.

**Source code:** Lib/_collections_abc.py

======================================================================

This module provides *abstract base classes* that can be used to test
whether a class provides a particular interface; for example, whether
it is *hashable* or whether it is a *mapping*.

An "issubclass()" or "isinstance()" test for an interface works in one
of three ways.

1. A newly written class can inherit directly from one of the abstract
   base classes.  The class must supply the required abstract methods.
   The remaining mixin methods come from inheritance and can be
   overridden if desired.  Other methods may be added as needed:

      class C(Sequence):                      # Direct inheritance
          def __init__(self): ...             # Extra method not required by the ABC
          def __getitem__(self, index):  ...  # Required abstract method
          def __len__(self):  ...             # Required abstract method
          def count(self, value): ...         # Optionally override a mixin method

      >>> issubclass(C, Sequence)
      True
      >>> isinstance(C(), Sequence)
      True

2. Existing classes and built-in classes can be registered as "virtual
   subclasses" of the ABCs.  Those classes should define the full API
   including all of the abstract methods and all of the mixin methods.
   This lets users rely on "issubclass()" or "isinstance()" tests to
   determine whether the full interface is supported.  The exception
   to this rule is for methods that are automatically inferred from
   the rest of the API:

      class D:                                 # No inheritance
          def __init__(self): ...              # Extra method not required by the ABC
          def __getitem__(self, index):  ...   # Abstract method
          def __len__(self):  ...              # Abstract method
          def count(self, value): ...          # Mixin method
          def index(self, value): ...          # Mixin method

      Sequence.register(D)                     # Register instead of inherit

      >>> issubclass(D, Sequence)
      True
      >>> isinstance(D(), Sequence)
      True

   In this example, class "D" does not need to define "__contains__",
   "__iter__", and "__reversed__" because the in-operator, the
   *iteration* logic, and the "reversed()" function automatically fall
   back to using "__getitem__" and "__len__".

3. Some simple interfaces are directly recognizable by the presence of
   the required methods (unless those methods have been set to
   "None"):

      class E:
          def __iter__(self): ...
          def __next__(self): ...

      >>> issubclass(E, Iterable)
      True
      >>> isinstance(E(), Iterable)
      True

   Complex interfaces do not support this last technique because an
   interface is more than just the presence of method names.
   Interfaces specify semantics and relationships between methods that
   cannot be inferred solely from the presence of specific method
   names.  For example, knowing that a class supplies "__getitem__",
   "__len__", and "__iter__" is insufficient for distinguishing a
   "Sequence" from a "Mapping".

Added in version 3.9: These abstract classes now support "[]". See
Generic Alias Type and **PEP 585**.


Collections Abstract Base Classes
=================================

The collections module offers the following *ABCs*:

+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ABC                            | Inherits from          | Abstract Methods        | Mixin Methods                                        |
|================================|========================|=========================|======================================================|
| "Container" [1]                |                        | "__contains__"          |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Hashable" [1]                 |                        | "__hash__"              |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Iterable" [1] [2]             |                        | "__iter__"              |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Iterator" [1]                 | "Iterable"             | "__next__"              | "__iter__"                                           |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Reversible" [1]               | "Iterable"             | "__reversed__"          |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Generator"  [1]               | "Iterator"             | "send", "throw"         | "close", "__iter__", "__next__"                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Sized"  [1]                   |                        | "__len__"               |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Callable"  [1]                |                        | "__call__"              |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Collection"  [1]              | "Sized", "Iterable",   | "__contains__",         |                                                      |
|                                | "Container"            | "__iter__", "__len__"   |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Sequence"                     | "Reversible",          | "__getitem__",          | "__contains__", "__iter__", "__reversed__", "index", |
|                                | "Collection"           | "__len__"               | and "count"                                          |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "MutableSequence"              | "Sequence"             | "__getitem__",          | Inherited "Sequence" methods and "append", "clear",  |
|                                |                        | "__setitem__",          | "reverse", "extend", "pop", "remove", and "__iadd__" |
|                                |                        | "__delitem__",          |                                                      |
|                                |                        | "__len__", "insert"     |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "ByteString"                   | "Sequence"             | "__getitem__",          | Inherited "Sequence" methods                         |
|                                |                        | "__len__"               |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Set"                          | "Collection"           | "__contains__",         | "__le__", "__lt__", "__eq__", "__ne__", "__gt__",    |
|                                |                        | "__iter__", "__len__"   | "__ge__", "__and__", "__or__", "__sub__",            |
|                                |                        |                         | "__rsub__", "__xor__", "__rxor__" and "isdisjoint"   |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "MutableSet"                   | "Set"                  | "__contains__",         | Inherited "Set" methods and "clear", "pop",          |
|                                |                        | "__iter__", "__len__",  | "remove", "__ior__", "__iand__", "__ixor__", and     |
|                                |                        | "add", "discard"        | "__isub__"                                           |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Mapping"                      | "Collection"           | "__getitem__",          | "__contains__", "keys", "items", "values", "get",    |
|                                |                        | "__iter__", "__len__"   | "__eq__", and "__ne__"                               |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "MutableMapping"               | "Mapping"              | "__getitem__",          | Inherited "Mapping" methods and "pop", "popitem",    |
|                                |                        | "__setitem__",          | "clear", "update", and "setdefault"                  |
|                                |                        | "__delitem__",          |                                                      |
|                                |                        | "__iter__", "__len__"   |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "MappingView"                  | "Sized"                |                         | "__init__", "__len__" and "__repr__"                 |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "ItemsView"                    | "MappingView", "Set"   |                         | "__contains__", "__iter__"                           |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "KeysView"                     | "MappingView", "Set"   |                         | "__contains__", "__iter__"                           |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "ValuesView"                   | "MappingView",         |                         | "__contains__", "__iter__"                           |
|                                | "Collection"           |                         |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Awaitable" [1]                |                        | "__await__"             |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Coroutine" [1]                | "Awaitable"            | "send", "throw"         | "close"                                              |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "AsyncIterable" [1]            |                        | "__aiter__"             |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "AsyncIterator" [1]            | "AsyncIterable"        | "__anext__"             | "__aiter__"                                          |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "AsyncGenerator" [1]           | "AsyncIterator"        | "asend", "athrow"       | "aclose", "__aiter__", "__anext__"                   |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "Buffer" [1]                   |                        | "__buffer__"            |                                                      |
+--------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+

-[ Footnotes ]-

[1] These ABCs override "__subclasshook__()" to support testing an
    interface by verifying the required methods are present and have
    not been set to "None".  This only works for simple interfaces.
    More complex interfaces require registration or direct
    subclassing.

[2] Checking "isinstance(obj, Iterable)" detects classes that are
    registered as "Iterable" or that have an "__iter__()" method, but
    it does not detect classes that iterate with the "__getitem__()"
    method.  The only reliable way to determine whether an object is
    *iterable* is to call "iter(obj)".


Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions
==========================================================

class collections.abc.Container

   ABC for classes that provide the "__contains__()" method.

class collections.abc.Hashable

   ABC for classes that provide the "__hash__()" method.

class collections.abc.Sized

   ABC for classes that provide the "__len__()" method.

class collections.abc.Callable

   ABC for classes that provide the "__call__()" method.

   See Annotating callable objects for details on how to use
   "Callable" in type annotations.

class collections.abc.Iterable

   ABC for classes that provide the "__iter__()" method.

   Checking "isinstance(obj, Iterable)" detects classes that are
   registered as "Iterable" or that have an "__iter__()" method, but
   it does not detect classes that iterate with the "__getitem__()"
   method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is
   *iterable* is to call "iter(obj)".

class collections.abc.Collection

   ABC for sized iterable container classes.

   Added in version 3.6.

class collections.abc.Iterator

   ABC for classes that provide the "__iter__()" and "__next__()"
   methods.  See also the definition of *iterator*.

class collections.abc.Reversible

   ABC for iterable classes that also provide the "__reversed__()"
   method.

   Added in version 3.6.

class collections.abc.Generator

   ABC for *generator* classes that implement the protocol defined in
   **PEP 342** that extends *iterators* with the "send()", "throw()"
   and "close()" methods.

   See Annotating generators and coroutines for details on using
   "Generator" in type annotations.

   Added in version 3.5.

class collections.abc.Sequence
class collections.abc.MutableSequence
class collections.abc.ByteString

   ABCs for read-only and mutable *sequences*.

   Implementation note: Some of the mixin methods, such as
   "__iter__()", "__reversed__()", and "index()" make repeated calls
   to the underlying "__getitem__()" method. Consequently, if
   "__getitem__()" is implemented with constant access speed, the
   mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the
   underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list),
   the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to
   be overridden.

   index(value, start=0, stop=None)

      Return first index of *value*.

      Raises "ValueError" if the value is not present.

      Supporting the *start* and *stop* arguments is optional, but
      recommended.

      Changed in version 3.5: The "index()" method gained support for
      the *stop* and *start* arguments.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.17: The
   "ByteString" ABC has been deprecated.Use "isinstance(obj,
   collections.abc.Buffer)" to test if "obj" implements the buffer
   protocol at runtime. For use in type annotations, either use
   "Buffer" or a union that explicitly specifies the types your code
   supports (e.g., "bytes | bytearray | memoryview")."ByteString" was
   originally intended to be an abstract class that would serve as a
   supertype of both "bytes" and "bytearray". However, since the ABC
   never had any methods, knowing that an object was an instance of
   "ByteString" never actually told you anything useful about the
   object. Other common buffer types such as "memoryview" were also
   never understood as subtypes of "ByteString" (either at runtime or
   by static type checkers).See **PEP 688** for more details.

class collections.abc.Set
class collections.abc.MutableSet

   ABCs for read-only and mutable sets.

class collections.abc.Mapping
class collections.abc.MutableMapping

   ABCs for read-only and mutable *mappings*.

class collections.abc.MappingView
class collections.abc.ItemsView
class collections.abc.KeysView
class collections.abc.ValuesView

   ABCs for mapping, items, keys, and values *views*.

class collections.abc.Awaitable

   ABC for *awaitable* objects, which can be used in "await"
   expressions.  Custom implementations must provide the "__await__()"
   method.

   *Coroutine* objects and instances of the "Coroutine" ABC are all
   instances of this ABC.

   Note:

     In CPython, generator-based coroutines (*generators* decorated
     with "@types.coroutine") are *awaitables*, even though they do
     not have an "__await__()" method. Using "isinstance(gencoro,
     Awaitable)" for them will return "False". Use
     "inspect.isawaitable()" to detect them.

   Added in version 3.5.

class collections.abc.Coroutine

   ABC for *coroutine* compatible classes.  These implement the
   following methods, defined in Coroutine Objects: "send()",
   "throw()", and "close()".  Custom implementations must also
   implement "__await__()".  All "Coroutine" instances are also
   instances of "Awaitable".

   Note:

     In CPython, generator-based coroutines (*generators* decorated
     with "@types.coroutine") are *awaitables*, even though they do
     not have an "__await__()" method. Using "isinstance(gencoro,
     Coroutine)" for them will return "False". Use
     "inspect.isawaitable()" to detect them.

   See Annotating generators and coroutines for details on using
   "Coroutine" in type annotations. The variance and order of type
   parameters correspond to those of "Generator".

   Added in version 3.5.

class collections.abc.AsyncIterable

   ABC for classes that provide an "__aiter__" method.  See also the
   definition of *asynchronous iterable*.

   Added in version 3.5.

class collections.abc.AsyncIterator

   ABC for classes that provide "__aiter__" and "__anext__" methods.
   See also the definition of *asynchronous iterator*.

   Added in version 3.5.

class collections.abc.AsyncGenerator

   ABC for *asynchronous generator* classes that implement the
   protocol defined in **PEP 525** and **PEP 492**.

   See Annotating generators and coroutines for details on using
   "AsyncGenerator" in type annotations.

   Added in version 3.6.

class collections.abc.Buffer

   ABC for classes that provide the "__buffer__()" method,
   implementing the buffer protocol. See **PEP 688**.

   Added in version 3.12.


Examples and Recipes
====================

ABCs allow us to ask classes or instances if they provide particular
functionality, for example:

   size = None
   if isinstance(myvar, collections.abc.Sized):
       size = len(myvar)

Several of the ABCs are also useful as mixins that make it easier to
develop classes supporting container APIs.  For example, to write a
class supporting the full "Set" API, it is only necessary to supply
the three underlying abstract methods: "__contains__()", "__iter__()",
and "__len__()". The ABC supplies the remaining methods such as
"__and__()" and "isdisjoint()":

   class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set):
       ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed
           and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. '''
       def __init__(self, iterable):
           self.elements = lst = []
           for value in iterable:
               if value not in lst:
                   lst.append(value)

       def __iter__(self):
           return iter(self.elements)

       def __contains__(self, value):
           return value in self.elements

       def __len__(self):
           return len(self.elements)

   s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef')
   s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi')
   overlap = s1 & s2            # The __and__() method is supported automatically

Notes on using "Set" and "MutableSet" as a mixin:

1. Since some set operations create new sets, the default mixin
   methods need a way to create new instances from an *iterable*. The
   class constructor is assumed to have a signature in the form
   "ClassName(iterable)". That assumption is factored-out to an
   internal "classmethod" called "_from_iterable()" which calls
   "cls(iterable)" to produce a new set. If the "Set" mixin is being
   used in a class with a different constructor signature, you will
   need to override "_from_iterable()" with a classmethod or regular
   method that can construct new instances from an iterable argument.

2. To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics
   are fixed), redefine "__le__()" and "__ge__()", then the other
   operations will automatically follow suit.

3. The "Set" mixin provides a "_hash()" method to compute a hash value
   for the set; however, "__hash__()" is not defined because not all
   sets are *hashable* or immutable.  To add set hashability using
   mixins, inherit from both "Set" and "Hashable", then define
   "__hash__ = Set._hash".

See also:

  * OrderedSet recipe for an example built on "MutableSet".

  * For more about ABCs, see the "abc" module and **PEP 3119**.
